1. Product Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bound core-shell style.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless steel, offers mechanical robustness with tensile staminas surpassing 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– typically 2– 10% of the complete size– conveys excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is crucial for efficiency; it is engineered via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to guarantee strong attachment and very little interdiffusion under functional tensions.
Electroplating is one of the most common method, providing specific density control and uniform insurance coverage on continual steel filaments attracted via copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleaning, pickling, and activation, guarantees optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination throughout succeeding processing or solution.
In time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can develop fragile iron-copper intermetallic stages at the interface, which might endanger adaptability and long-term reliability– a challenge mitigated by diffusion barriers or rapid handling.
1.2 Physical and Useful Quality
CCSFs combine the most effective attributes of both basic metals: the high flexible modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity typically varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending upon layer density and pureness, making CCSF considerably more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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